Ultrasonic flow meters (UFMs) based on transducer arrays offer several advantages.With electronic beam steering, it is possible to tune the steering angle of the beam for optimal signal-tonoise ratio (SNR) upon reception.Moreover, multiple beams can be generated to propagate through different travel paths, covering a wider section of the flow profi
We study a heretofore unexamined type of product differentiation, horizontally differentiated products with differential costs, and apply the analysis to retail pricing of fluid milk products.The theoretical models yield unique predictions for the relationship among prices of the four horizontally differentiated fluid milk products (skim, 1%, 2%, a
Biometric characters of seeds and wings served Wrap to describe interprovenance differentiation of Scots pine in Europe.Grouping analysis was applied, Mahalanobis distances were calculated as well as Hotellings T2 statistics were applied.The similarity of East European and Finnish provenances was conspicuous.The provenance from Scotland proved to b
Published PCR primers targeting the ammonia monooxygenase gene (amoA) were applied to samples from activated sludge systems operated with low dissolved oxygen (DO) to quantify total and Wet Food clade-level Nitrospira that perform complete ammonium oxidation (comammox); however, we found these existing primers resulted in significant artifact-assoc
ABSTRACT: Several cage-free egg mandates and retailer pledge deadlines are set to take effect in January 2026.Yet it is unknown whether producers can transition to cage-free production at a rate commensurate with these goals.This study uses qualitative and quantitative data from 2 U.S.egg producer surveys to evaluate the operational activities of c